(defun find-elt (elt list) (cond ((null list) nil) ((= (car list) elt) t) (t (find-elt elt (cdr list))))) (defun duplicatep (list) (cond ((null list) nil) ((find-elt (car list) (cdr list)) t) (t (duplicatep (cdr list))))) LIST-NAMED-CLASS> (duplicatep '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)) NIL LIST-NAMED-CLASS> (duplicatep '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1)) T LIST-NAMED-CLASS> (duplicatep '(1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8)) T LIST-NAMED-CLASS> (trace duplicatep find-elt) LIST-NAMED-CLASS> (duplicatep '(1 2 3 4)) 0: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::DUPLICATEP (1 2 3 4)) 1: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 1 (2 3 4)) 2: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 1 (3 4)) 3: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 1 (4)) 4: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 1 NIL) 4: FIND-ELT returned NIL 3: FIND-ELT returned NIL 2: FIND-ELT returned NIL 1: FIND-ELT returned NIL 1: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::DUPLICATEP (2 3 4)) 2: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 2 (3 4)) 3: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 2 (4)) 4: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 2 NIL) 4: FIND-ELT returned NIL 3: FIND-ELT returned NIL 2: FIND-ELT returned NIL 2: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::DUPLICATEP (3 4)) 3: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 3 (4)) 4: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 3 NIL) 4: FIND-ELT returned NIL 3: FIND-ELT returned NIL 3: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::DUPLICATEP (4)) 4: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 4 NIL) 4: FIND-ELT returned NIL 4: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::DUPLICATEP NIL) 4: DUPLICATEP returned NIL 3: DUPLICATEP returned NIL 2: DUPLICATEP returned NIL 1: DUPLICATEP returned NIL 0: DUPLICATEP returned NIL NIL LIST-NAMED-CLASS> (duplicatep '(1 2 3 4 2)) 0: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::DUPLICATEP (1 2 3 4 2)) 1: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 1 (2 3 4 2)) 2: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 1 (3 4 2)) 3: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 1 (4 2)) 4: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 1 (2)) 5: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 1 NIL) 5: FIND-ELT returned NIL 4: FIND-ELT returned NIL 3: FIND-ELT returned NIL 2: FIND-ELT returned NIL 1: FIND-ELT returned NIL 1: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::DUPLICATEP (2 3 4 2)) 2: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 2 (3 4 2)) 3: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 2 (4 2)) 4: (LIST-NAMED-CLASS::FIND-ELT 2 (2)) 4: FIND-ELT returned T 3: FIND-ELT returned T 2: FIND-ELT returned T 1: DUPLICATEP returned T 0: DUPLICATEP returned T T